Making up a reasonable-sounding excuse for a choice that was really made for a less noble reason (like 'everyone does it') is called what?

Rationalization. The correct answer is Rationalization. It means making up a reasonable-sounding excuse after the choice is made. "Everyone does it" is the classic example. Objectivity and non-partisanship are civil-service values, not excuses. Presentism means judging the past by today's standards. Memory hook: the excuse comes after the choice. Read more: Distorted Ethical Concepts, Conflict of Interest.

Which psychologist listed eight main symptoms of groupthink, using the Bay of Pigs decision as a key case?

Irving Janis. The correct answer is Irving Janis. His symptoms include invulnerability, self-censorship, unanimity and mindguards. Albert Bandura named the eight mechanisms of moral disengagement. Ann Tenbrunsel co-wrote on ethical fading. Arthur Schlesinger was a Bay of Pigs adviser who stayed silent, an example Janis used. Read more: Distorted Ethical Concepts, Social Influence and Persuasion.

Under which arrangement does the Central Vigilance Commission receive whistle-blower complaints about Central Government staff?

Public Interest Disclosure and Protection of Informers Resolution, 2004. The correct answer is the PIDPI Resolution, 2004. It names the CVC as the Designated Agency for such complaints. The 2014 Act is the trap: as of December 2025 it had not been notified, so it was not in force. The RTI Act and the Lokpal Act serve other purposes. Read more: Distorted Ethical Concepts, Whistleblowing and the Snowden Case, Probity in Governance: A Complete Guide.

In Bandura’s grouping, which two mechanisms of moral disengagement work on the victim?

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In Bandura’s grouping, which two mechanisms of moral disengagement work on the victim?

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