Montague-Chelmsford Reforms and the genesis of community-based alliances

1. Consider the following “assertion”: The genesis of political alliances based on community lay in the very nature of the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms, 1919. Which of the following statements support/supports the above assertion?
1. Reforms retained and extended the principle of separate electorates.
2. Separate electorates were supposed to counter Indian nationalism, which was growing stronger.
3. Deprived classes rallied around the favours inherent in separate electorates. [UPSC CSP 2026, GS Paper I]