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What did the 2002 ruling in Pradeep Kumar Biswas v. IICB do to the Article 12 test?

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1. What did the 2002 ruling in Pradeep Kumar Biswas v. IICB do to the Article 12 test?

It abolished the “other authorities” category entirely

It tightened the test, requiring “deep and pervasive” government control

It extended Article 12 to cover private companies generally

It applied Article 12 to individuals for the first time

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