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Consider these three phenomena: (I) a pencil appearing displaced when partly immersed in water, (II) the Sun becoming visible slightly before actual sunrise, and (III) the sky appearing blue. Which of these are caused by refraction?

1. Consider these three phenomena: (I) a pencil appearing displaced when partly immersed in water, (II) the Sun becoming visible slightly before actual sunrise, and (III) the sky appearing blue. Which of these are caused by refraction?

 

Both the apparent displacement of a partly-submerged pencil and the Sun’s early visibility before sunrise are caused by refraction. The sky’s blue colour, however, is caused by scattering, a genuinely different phenomenon.

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