Which response to criticisms of Utilitarianism judges general rules by their overall outcomes, rather than judging each individual act by its own outcome?

Rule utilitarianism. The correct answer is rule utilitarianism. It judges general rules by their results, not each single act. A rule against punishing the innocent, followed every time, gives better long-run results. Virtue ethics looks at character. Existentialism stresses free personal choice. Care ethics centres on relationships. None of them judges rules by their outcomes. Read more: Criticisms of Utilitarianism, Utilitarianism: Bentham and Mill.

Philosopher Philippa Foot introduced the trolley case in a 1967 paper. What was that paper about?

Abortion and the doctrine of double effect. The correct answer is abortion and the doctrine of double effect. Her paper was "The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of Double Effect", in the Oxford Review. The doctrine says a harm you foresee differs from a harm you intend. Bentham's seven-feature method measured pleasure and pain. Nozick wrote of rights as side constraints. Read more: Criticisms of Utilitarianism, How to Resolve Ethical Dilemmas.

Rawls's difference principle allows social and economic inequalities only when they do what?

Work to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged. The correct answer is work to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged. Rawls feared that average utilitarianism could cut a weak minority's liberties for the majority's gain. So raising average utility is the view he opposed. Majority choice and local consent are not his test. Read more: Criticisms of Utilitarianism, John Rawls: Justice as Fairness.

Bernard Williams set out his George and Jim cases in which 1973 book, written with J.J.C. Smart?

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Bernard Williams set out his George and Jim cases in which 1973 book, written with J.J.C. Smart?

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