Which response to criticisms of Utilitarianism judges general rules by their overall outcomes, rather than judging each individual act by its own outcome?

Rule utilitarianism. The correct answer is rule utilitarianism. It judges general rules by their results, not each single act. A rule against punishing the innocent, followed every time, gives better long-run results. Virtue ethics looks at character. Existentialism stresses free personal choice. Care ethics centres on relationships. None of them judges rules by their outcomes. Read more: Criticisms of Utilitarianism, Utilitarianism: Bentham and Mill.

Bernard Williams set out his George and Jim cases in which 1973 book, written with J.J.C. Smart?

Utilitarianism: For and Against. The correct answer is Utilitarianism: For and Against. Williams wrote the "Against" half. Anarchy, State, and Utopia is Nozick's 1974 book. Ideal Code, Real World is Brad Hooker's 2000 defence of rule consequentialism. Bentham's Introduction came out in 1789. Read more: Criticisms of Utilitarianism.

Rawls's difference principle allows social and economic inequalities only when they do what?

Work to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged. The correct answer is work to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged. Rawls feared that average utilitarianism could cut a weak minority's liberties for the majority's gain. So raising average utility is the view he opposed. Majority choice and local consent are not his test. Read more: Criticisms of Utilitarianism, John Rawls: Justice as Fairness.

Philosopher Philippa Foot introduced the trolley case in a 1967 paper. What was that paper about?

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Philosopher Philippa Foot introduced the trolley case in a 1967 paper. What was that paper about?

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