What does Amartya Sen's capability approach say development should be judged by?

A person's real freedom to live the life they value. The correct answer is a person's real freedom to live the life they value. Sen's capability approach looks at what people are really able to be and do, such as being well fed or voting. GDP growth and welfare spending are only means, not the goal. Market efficiency is not the test in this approach. Memory hook: capability means real freedom, not just income. Read more: Ethics and Economics, Amartya Sen.

In which years did Amartya Sen receive the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and the Bharat Ratna?

1998 and 1999. The correct answer is 1998 and 1999. The Nobel citation of 14 October 1998 honoured his contributions to welfare economics. The Bharat Ratna notification is dated 16 February 1999. 1990 is the year of the first Human Development Report, not an award. The reversed pair is a common trap. Read more: Ethics and Economics, Amartya Sen.

According to the Human Development Report 2025, what are India's HDI rank and HDI value?

130th, 0.685. The correct answer is 130th, with an HDI of 0.685, out of 193 countries, based on 2023 data. 133 was India's rank on 2022 data. 0.656 is the average for the medium human development group. 132nd and 0.678 belong to El Salvador in the same table. Read more: Ethics and Economics, Human Development in India: State Disparities and the Kerala Model.

In which view of education and health are human beings treated as ends in themselves?

Human development. The correct answer is human development. It sees education and health as part of well-being itself. Human capital treats people as a means to raise productivity. Pareto efficiency and cost-benefit analysis are tools for judging choices, not views of people. Memory hook: capital counts output, development counts people. Read more: Ethics and Economics, Human Development in India: State Disparities and the Kerala Model.

Which of the following books is correctly matched with its author?

Equality and Efficiency: The Big Tradeoff - Arthur Okun. The correct answer is Equality and Efficiency: The Big Tradeoff, by Arthur Okun. It came out in 1975. Poverty and Famines (1981) and Collective Choice and Social Welfare (1970) are both by Amartya Sen. Kenneth Arrow is known for the impossibility result on combining preferences. Read more: Ethics and Economics, Utilitarianism: Bentham and Mill.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three dimensions of the Human Development Index (HDI)?

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