Modern historians treat which ancient source as the most reliable account of Alexander's mutiny at the Hyphasis river — one that stresses plain exhaustion and monsoon rain, not fear of a rival army's size?

Arrian. The answer is Arrian. The Perseus note on Diodorus says Arrian tells these events very differently from the other writers. Livius's account of the mutiny stresses tired men, a far land and continuous rain. Curtius and Plutarch instead report news of a huge army beyond the Ganges. Megasthenes came later, as ambassador to Chandragupta. Memory hook: Arrian means rain and weariness. Read more: The Mauryan Empire, Alexander's Invasion of India, Magadha Mahajanapada.

At which river did Alexander's soldiers refuse to march further east?

Hyphasis. The Hyphasis is the answer. It is now called the Beas. Alexander's men refused to cross it. The Hydaspes was the river of the battle with Porus. The Indus lay behind the army. The Ganges was beyond the Hyphasis, in the Nanda lands. Memory hook: the Hyphasis is the Beas, where the march ended. Read more: The Mauryan Empire, Alexander's Invasion of India, Magadha Mahajanapada.

Which king made the Hathigumpha inscription, which names a Nandaraja?

Kharavela. Kharavela of Kalinga is the answer. The inscription is his record, not a Nanda record. It speaks of a canal first built by a Nanda king. It also says he brought back a Jina image that the Nandas had taken. Live History India says scholars disagree on which Nanda king is meant. Memory hook: Kharavela's stone names a Nandaraja. Read more: The Mauryan Empire, Alexander's Invasion of India, Magadha Mahajanapada.

According to Diodorus, what was the king of the Gandaridae believed to be the son of?

A barber. A barber is the answer. Diodorus says Porus told Alexander about this king. Porus said the king was thought to be a barber's son. A queen killed her husband, and the kingdom passed to the barber's son. The text names no merchant, priest or soldier. Memory hook: the barber's son became king. Read more: The Mauryan Empire, Alexander's Invasion of India, Magadha Mahajanapada.

Which name did the Greeks use for the Nanda king?

Xandrames. Xandrames is the answer. World History says the Greeks knew the Nanda king as Xandrames or Agrammes. Androcottus is the Greek name for Chandragupta in Plutarch. Porus was an Indian king on the Jhelum. Mahapadma is the Indian name of the first Nanda king. Memory hook: Xandrames was the Nanda, Androcottus the Maurya. Read more: The Mauryan Empire, Alexander's Invasion of India, Magadha Mahajanapada.

How many elephants did Diodorus give to the army of the king of the Gandaridae?

4,000. The answer is 4,000. Diodorus also lists 20,000 cavalry, 200,000 infantry and 2,000 chariots. Curtius gives 3,000 elephants. Plutarch gives 6,000 elephants and 8,000 chariots. Two thousand is the chariot count in Diodorus. Memory hook: Diodorus counted 4,000 elephants. Read more: The Mauryan Empire, Alexander's Invasion of India, Magadha Mahajanapada.

Around which year did the Shishunaga line end and Nanda rule begin?

About 345 BCE. About 345 BCE is the answer. World History says the Shishunaga line ended around then. Mahapadma Nanda founded the new line. About 321 BCE is when Chandragupta killed the last Nanda king. Alexander was at the Beas in 326 BCE. Memory hook: Nandas begin 345, end 321. Read more: The Mauryan Empire, Alexander's Invasion of India, Magadha Mahajanapada.

Who ended the Nanda dynasty of Magadha around 321 BCE?

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