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UPSC Mains 2018 GS1 Q13: Indentured Labour and Cultural Identity Abroad

Civil Services (Main) Examination, 2018 · General Studies Paper I · Question 13

Why indentured labour was taken by the British from India to other colonies? Have they been able to preserve their cultural identity over there?

15 marks · 250 wordsModern History
Key Points & Approach to Answering
1. Frame the answer

After slavery was abolished across the British Empire, plantation colonies needed a new cheap labour source. Indentured Indians filled that gap.

2. Why indentured labour was needed

Britain abolished slavery in 1833. Sugar, tea, and other plantation colonies still needed large, cheap, controllable workforces.

3. The indenture system

Indian labourers signed multi-year contracts, or indentures, promising work in colonies like Fiji, Mauritius, Trinidad, and Guyana in exchange for passage and wages.

4. Conditions on the ground

In practice, conditions were often harsh and close to bonded labour, with long hours, low pay, and limited freedom to leave.

5. Scale of the migration

Between the 1830s and early 20th century, over a million Indians left under this system, creating large diaspora communities across the Indian Ocean and Caribbean.

6. Cultural identity preserved

Many indentured communities preserved Indian languages, religious practices, food, and festivals across generations, despite distance from India.

7. Cultural identity, with change

That identity was not preserved unchanged. It blended with local Caribbean, African, or Pacific island cultures, producing distinct hybrid traditions.

8. A living legacy today

Countries like Fiji, Mauritius, and Trinidad still have large populations of Indian descent, with visible cultural, religious, and political influence.

9. Answer structure

Explain the post-slavery labour gap that indenture filled, describe the system and its harsh conditions, then assess cultural preservation: real continuity, but blended with local influence rather than an unchanged copy of India.

Source: UPSC Civil Services (Main) Examination, 2018 — General Studies Paper I, official question paper (upsc.gov.in). Full paper: UPSC CSM 2018 — General Studies Paper I (Full Question Paper).

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