In the fuel label "E85", what do the letter and the number stand for?

E for ethanol, 85 for the maximum ethanol share by volume. E stands for ethanol. The number is the ethanol share by volume, so E85 has up to 85% ethanol. It is not an octane rating or an emission standard. Hybrid operation is a separate feature. Read more: Flex-Fuel Vehicles and Ethanol Beyond E20: E85, E100 and the Road Ahead

Arrange the following events in chronological order. 1. IOCL dedicates its Panipat 2G ethanol plant 2. NITI Aayog releases the roadmap for ethanol blending 2020-25 3. The National Policy on Biofuels is notified 4. Hero MotoCorp launches India's first flex-fuel motorcycles

3, 2, 1, 4. The National Policy on Biofuels came in 2018. The NITI roadmap came in June 2021. The Panipat plant was dedicated on 10 August 2022. Hero's flex-fuel motorcycles launched on 3 June 2026. Read more: Flex-Fuel Vehicles and Ethanol Beyond E20: E85, E100 and the Road Ahead

Assertion (A): A car certified only for E20 is not automatically suitable for E85. Reason (R): Flex-fuel vehicles use fuel system parts and engine controls designed for the approved blends. Which one of the following is correct?

Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. Compatibility with E10 or E20 does not make a vehicle fit for E85. Flex-fuel vehicles choose materials for the approved blends. Their engine controls also adjust to the fuel mix. So R explains A. Read more: Flex-Fuel Vehicles and Ethanol Beyond E20: E85, E100 and the Road Ahead

Under the National Policy on Biofuels, which one of the following is NOT an approved raw material for biofuel production, as tested in UPSC CSP 2020?

Groundnut seeds. The policy allows cassava, damaged wheat grains, rotten potatoes and sugar beet. Groundnut seeds and horse gram are not listed. So groundnut seeds is the odd one out. Read more: Flex-Fuel Vehicles and Ethanol Beyond E20: E85, E100 and the Road Ahead

Consider the following statements about the Central Motor Vehicles Rules (CMVR) amendment announced on 26 October 2026: 1. The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways notified amendments to the CMVR, 1989 to support flex-fuel vehicles. 2. The emission certification provisions now expressly include E100 alongside E85. 3. Owners of existing petrol vehicles must modify them to run on E85. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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