El Niño occurs when the ocean off which country's coast warms more than usual?

Peru. El Niño occurs when the central and eastern Pacific, off Peru, warms up more than usual. Read more: IndGeo0054 — El Niño, La Niña and the Indian Monsoon.

The MAUSAM paper links Gangetic drying to the negative phase of Victoria Mode. What is Victoria Mode?

The second main pattern of North Pacific sea surface temperature. Victoria Mode is the second main pattern of North Pacific sea surface temperature. The PDO is the first pattern, so option 1 is wrong. The IOD belongs to the Indian Ocean. The jet stream option describes the North Atlantic link in a different study.

Assertion (A): El Niño is not a guaranteed signal of a weak Indian monsoon. Reason (R): Of the 16 El Niño years from 1951 to 2015, only 7 brought deficient (drought-level) monsoon rainfall. Which one of the following is correct?

Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. Both are true. IMD's El Niño table shows 7 of those 16 years had rainfall more than 10% below normal. The other 9 did not reach drought level, and 1997 was even slightly above normal. So R explains A. Other factors, like the IOD, can offset El Niño.

Consider the following statements about the AGU Advances study (April 2026) on Indian rainfall. 1. North-west India's rain rose 24.6% since 1999. 2. Indo-Gangetic rain fell 4.4% over the same period. 3. It blames North Pacific sea surface temperatures acting through the Walker circulation. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 and 2 only. Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong. The study blames North Atlantic sea surface temperatures acting through the jet stream. The North Pacific link belongs to the Victoria Mode paper.

What does El Niño do to the Walker Circulation over the tropical Pacific?

It weakens or reverses it, shifting warm water and rising air eastward. El Niño weakens or reverses the Walker Circulation. Warm water and rising air move east. The pressure gradient that helps drive the monsoon weakens. Strengthening the loop is what La Niña does.

Assertion (A): The rise in hot semi-arid area in north-west India shows a matching fall in rainfall there. Reason (R): The MAUSAM figures are shares of area, not rainfall declines. Which one of the following is correct?

A is false, but R is true. A is false and R is true. The figures are shares of area under climate types. They are not rainfall declines. The AGU study even found north-west India's rain rose 24.6% since 1999.

An El Niño is often called 'very strong' when the ONI stays at +2.0°C or more for at least three overlapping seasons. Which of these events was very strong?

1997-98. 1997-98 peaked at about +2.4°C on NOAA's ONI. It stayed above +2.0°C for several seasons. 1987-88, 2002-03 and 2009-10 all peaked below +2.0°C. The other very strong events since 1950 are 1982-83 and 2015-16.

Consider the following statements about the MAUSAM (October 2026) study of India’s climate zones. 1. In north-west India, the hot semi-arid area grew from 25.70% to 33.11%. 2. The temperate area in north-west India rose from 18.70% to 25.84%. 3. The comparison is between 1951-80 and 1991-2020. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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