In India, Judicial Review implies

the power of the Judiciary to pronounce upon the constitutionality of laws and executive orders.. Judicial review is the power of the Supreme Court and High Courts to test a law against the Constitution. A law that does not fit is declared unconstitutional. It does not judge whether a law is wise. It is not a check before the President signs a bill. Review of a court's own past judgment is a separate process.

Under Article 124(4), a Supreme Court judge can be removed only for proved misbehaviour or incapacity. What else is required?

An address by each House passed by a majority of total membership and two-thirds of those present and voting. Article 124(4) needs an address by each House of Parliament. Each address needs a majority of the total membership of that House. It also needs two-thirds of the members present and voting. The President then passes the order. This hard process protects judicial independence.

Which case, filed in December 1979 on behalf of Bihar undertrial prisoners, is remembered as an early Public Interest Litigation?

Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar. Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar was about prisoners who had spent years in jail without trial. Advocate Kapila Hingorani filed it. NCERT calls it one of the early PILs. Sunil Batra came in 1980. Bandhua Mukti Morcha came in 1984.

NCERT says the Supreme Court later abandoned which practice that had followed the Sunil Batra case of 1980?

Treating letters as petitions. In Sunil Batra a Tihar inmate sent a note to Justice Krishna Iyer, who turned it into a petition. NCERT says the Court later abandoned the practice of considering letters. PIL itself continued.

The Supreme Court struck down the National Judicial Appointments Commission on 16 October 2015. By what majority?

4:1. A Constitution Bench struck down the NJAC by a 4:1 majority. It held that the NJAC compromised judicial independence, a part of the basic structure. The collegium system stayed in place.

Which Supreme Court case of 1973 held that no one, not even Parliament by amendment, can violate the basic structure of the Constitution?

Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala. NCERT says Kesavananda Bharati (1973) ruled that there is a basic structure that no one can violate, even by amendment. The Court also kept for itself the right to decide what is part of it.

NCERT describes the Indian Constitution as resting on which principle for the three organs of government?

Limited separation of powers with checks and balances. NCERT calls it a delicate principle of limited separation of powers and checks and balances. Each organ has a clear area of work. The organs still check one another.

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Article 50 of the Constitution directs the State to take steps to separate which two organs in the public services?

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Article 50 of the Constitution directs the State to take steps to separate which two organs in the public services?

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