A pea plant's actual pair of alleles for flower colour is Aa. What term describes this Aa combination itself?

Genotype. Aa identifies the plant's genotype: its allele combination at the studied gene. Phenotype describes the characteristic expressed, such as flower colour. An allele is one version, such as A or a, rather than the pair. A chromosome packages DNA and carries many genes.

Under complete dominance, which genotype is heterozygous?

Aa — one dominant and one recessive allele. Aa contains two different alleles and is therefore heterozygous. AA and aa contain matching alleles and are homozygous. A alone identifies one allele, not a diploid allele pair. Dominance does not change the meaning of heterozygous.

For AA × Aa, what is the probability of an aa offspring in the simple Mendelian model?

0. The AA parent can contribute only A. The Aa parent can contribute A or a. Offspring can therefore be AA or Aa, but not aa. The probability of aa is zero. The 1/4 value belongs to Aa × Aa, while 1/2 is the probability of Aa in this cross.

Which statement best describes an unaffected carrier in a simple autosomal recessive model?

The person has one condition-associated allele and can pass it on. An Aa carrier can pass on a despite not showing the recessive condition in this model. The allele remains in the genotype and can enter gametes. Having a dominant phenotype does not remove it. Carrier is a condition-specific label, not a synonym for every heterozygous genotype.

How many chromosomes does a typical human sperm contain?

23 chromosomes. A typical sperm carries one set of 23 chromosomes. A typical egg carries another set. Fertilisation produces the usual 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. Calling the sperm's number 23 pairs doubles its actual chromosome count. The 46-chromosome count normally describes a diploid body cell.

Which parental characteristic is a learned achievement rather than a directly inherited skill?

Mastery of chess. Chess mastery develops through learning and practice. It is not directly encoded as a mastered skill in the parent's DNA. Blood group, hair texture and pigmentation have genetic influences. Their exact expression can involve different inheritance patterns and environmental effects. Genetic influence does not guarantee an identical child.

Which description correctly explains natural selection?

Heritable differences can produce unequal reproductive success. Natural selection connects heritable variation with differences in reproductive success. Favoured variants can become more common over generations. Need or effort alone does not create the required inherited variant. Survival contributes only when it affects reproduction. Learned skills do not automatically become genetic instructions.

For Aa × Aa under complete dominance, what are the expected genotype and phenotype ratios?

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For Aa × Aa under complete dominance, what are the expected genotype and phenotype ratios?

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