What are non-communicable diseases often linked to?

Lifestyle factors, including diet, physical activity, and tobacco or alcohol use. Behavioural factors can raise NCD risk. Genetic, physiological, and environmental factors also matter. Contact and contaminated water describe infection routes. Air pollution is one risk factor, not the only one.

Which statement best defines a communicable disease?

It can spread directly or indirectly between hosts. Communicable diseases can spread through direct or indirect routes. Duration does not define them. Viruses, fungi, and parasites can also cause them. Some use insect vectors.

Which is an example of indirect vehicle-borne transmission?

A pathogen carried in contaminated water. Contaminated water is an inanimate vehicle. Droplets and skin contact are direct routes in this classification. A mosquito is a living vector, not a vehicle.

Which pair correctly describes malaria?

Plasmodium parasite — female Anopheles mosquito. Plasmodium parasites cause malaria. Infected female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit them. Aedes mosquitoes transmit diseases such as dengue and Zika. The other pairs do not describe malaria.

How do vaccines help prevent communicable diseases?

They train immune defences to recognise specific threats. Vaccines train immune defences against specific threats. They do not remove all environmental pathogens. Other controls remain necessary. No vaccine prevents every communicable disease.

What is a main purpose of disease surveillance?

To detect patterns and guide public-health action. Surveillance collects and analyses disease data. It can detect unusual patterns and guide action. It does not replace every test. Reports need not prove that every case is linked.

Which statement about Zika transmission is correct?

Aedes mosquitoes can spread Zika, and sexual transmission can also occur. Aedes mosquitoes are the main Zika vector. Sexual transmission can also occur. Contaminated water is not the usual route. Anopheles mosquitoes are associated with malaria transmission.

What do the terms acute and chronic mainly describe?

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