Which of these is a derived quantity in physics, not a fundamental one?

Velocity. Velocity is derived from displacement divided by time. Its unit is metres per second. Length, time and mass are SI base quantities. Choosing one of those three would confuse a base quantity with a derived quantity.

A 2 kg object experiences a net force of 10 N. What is its acceleration?

5 m/s². For constant mass, acceleration is net force divided by mass. The calculation gives 10/2 = 5 m/s². Twenty multiplies instead of dividing. Twelve adds unlike quantities. Five metres per second is a velocity value, not the required acceleration.

Which statement correctly describes a Newton's third-law pair?

The forces act on different objects at the same time. Third-law forces have equal magnitudes and opposite directions. They act simultaneously on different objects. They therefore do not cancel in one object's net force. The reaction is not delayed. Different masses can produce different accelerations, although the paired force magnitudes remain equal.

Which statement correctly compares sound and light in an ideal vacuum?

Light propagates, but sound cannot. Sound needs matter to transmit its mechanical disturbance. An ideal vacuum has no such medium. Light is electromagnetic radiation and can propagate there. Saying both need particles wrongly treats light as sound. Saying both are mechanical waves makes the same mistake.

An ohmic 4 Ω resistor has 12 V across it under unchanged conditions. What current flows?

3 A. Ohm's law gives I = V/R. Dividing 12 V by 4 Ω gives 3 A. Forty-eight multiplies instead of dividing. About 0.33 reverses the ratio. Sixteen adds the numerical values of quantities with different units.

Which electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelength among these choices?

Gamma rays. Gamma rays have shorter wavelengths than visible light, infrared and radio waves. In the usual spectrum order, radio wavelengths are longest among these choices. Infrared lies beyond visible red at longer wavelengths than visible light. All four still have the same propagation speed in a vacuum.

What is required for electromagnetic induction of voltage in a loop?

Changing magnetic flux through the loop. Changing magnetic flux induces an electromotive force. An unchanged flux does not produce this Faraday induction. A closed loop alone is insufficient. A pre-existing current is not required. Induced voltage can exist in an open circuit, although ordinary conduction current then lacks a complete path.

What does heat mean in physics?

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