Which one of the following is the exhaust pipe emission from Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles, powered by hydrogen?

Water vapour. The answer is water vapour. With hydrogen as fuel, the DOE says the only products are electricity, water and heat. The AFDC says an FCEV emits only water vapor and warm air. PIB says the same about the Toyota Mirai. UPSC asked this in its 2024 General Studies Paper I, and the official key is (d). Read more: SciTech0146 — Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs).

In a PEM fuel cell, which particles pass through the membrane to the cathode?

Protons. Protons pass through the membrane to the cathode. The membrane blocks electrons. The electrons travel around an external circuit, and that flow is the electric current. At the cathode, protons, electrons and oxygen join to form water. Read more: SciTech0146 — Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs).

Which colour of hydrogen is made by splitting water with electricity from renewable energy?

Green hydrogen. Green hydrogen is made by splitting water with renewable electricity. Grey and brown hydrogen come from natural gas or coal. Blue hydrogen adds carbon capture to a fossil route. India's 2023 definition allows at most 2 kg CO2 equivalent per kg of hydrogen, as a 12-month average. Read more: SciTech0146 — Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs).

What is the initial outlay of the National Green Hydrogen Mission, approved by the Union Cabinet in January 2023?

Rs 19,744 crore. The PIB gives the initial outlay as Rs 19,744 crore. Rs 17,490 crore is only the SIGHT part. Pilot projects get Rs 1,466 crore, and the Mission expects over Rs 8 lakh crore of investment by 2030. MNRE leads the Mission. Read more: SciTech0146 — Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs).

At what pressure do light-duty FCEVs sold at dealers store hydrogen?

About 10,000 psi (700 bar). Light-duty FCEVs sold at dealers have 10,000 psi tanks, sold as H70. Fuel cell buses use 5,000 psi tanks, sold as H35. High pressure is needed because hydrogen holds little energy per litre. Per kilogram, it holds about three times the energy of gasoline. Read more: SciTech0146 — Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs).

In March 2025, MNRE sanctioned five pilot projects for hydrogen vehicles. What did they cover?

37 vehicles and 9 hydrogen refuelling stations. The five projects cover 37 vehicles and 9 hydrogen refuelling stations. Of the vehicles, 15 use fuel cells and 22 use hydrogen engines. They will run on 10 routes. Government support is about Rs 208 crore. Read more: SciTech0146 — Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs).

On 11 December 2025, MNRE launched a pilot in which an institute will test a Toyota Mirai for two years. Which institute received the car?

National Institute of Solar Energy. The National Institute of Solar Energy received a Mirai from Toyota Kirloskar Motor. It will test the car for two years. The tests cover heat, dust, traffic and varied terrain. The earlier 2022 Mirai pilot was run with ICAT. Read more: SciTech0146 — Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs).

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What efficiency does the US DOE say fuel cells are capable of exceeding when they convert fuel energy to electricity?

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