Who coined the term "artificial intelligence"?

John McCarthy. John McCarthy is the answer. His 1955 proposal for a summer conference on artificial intelligence was the first use of the phrase in print. He then organised the 1956 Dartmouth project. The meeting was organised by McCarthy, not by the other three names. Memory hook: McCarthy named it at Dartmouth. Read more: Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Diagnosis: Promise and Privacy, Large Language Models (LLMs), What Wearable Technology Can Do.

In 2018 the US FDA permitted marketing of which first AI device to detect diabetic retinopathy?

IDx-DR. IDx-DR is the answer. The FDA permitted it on 11 April 2018. It detects more than mild diabetic retinopathy from retinal images. It gives a result without a specialist reading the image. LYNA is a Google tool for lymph node slides. PARAM Siddhi-AI is an Indian supercomputer. Memory hook: IDx-DR was the first autonomous eye screen. Read more: Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Diagnosis: Promise and Privacy, Large Language Models (LLMs), What Wearable Technology Can Do.

In the FDA study, IDx-DR found more than mild diabetic retinopathy about how often?

About 87% of the time. About 87% is the answer. The FDA reported 87.4% for catching the disease. It also cleared 89.5% of patients who did not have it. Catching the sick is called sensitivity. Clearing the healthy is called specificity. A perfect score is not claimed by the FDA. Memory hook: about 87 and about 90. Read more: Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Diagnosis: Promise and Privacy, Large Language Models (LLMs), What Wearable Technology Can Do.

How did the deep learning lung CT model compare with six radiologists when no earlier scan was available?

It outperformed all six radiologists. It outperformed all six radiologists. It cut false positives by 11% and false negatives by 5%. When an earlier scan was available, it did about as well as the radiologists. So the model helps but does not replace them. Memory hook: better without history, equal with history. Read more: Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Diagnosis: Promise and Privacy, Large Language Models (LLMs), What Wearable Technology Can Do.

Which 2018 Indian strategy document used the tag #AIforAll?

NITI Aayog's National Strategy for AI. NITI Aayog's National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence is the answer. It names healthcare as its first focus area. The IndiaAI Mission came later, in March 2024. The DPDP Act is a data law from 2023. The ICMR guidelines cover ethics in biomedical AI. Memory hook: 2018 plan, #AIforAll. Read more: Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Diagnosis: Promise and Privacy, Large Language Models (LLMs), What Wearable Technology Can Do.

How does India's DPDP Act, 2023 treat health data?

Like other personal data, with no separate sensitive class. Health data is treated like other digital personal data. The Act has no separate sensitive class. Consent must be free, specific, informed, unconditional and unambiguous. The Act allows processing without consent in a medical emergency. The EU's GDPR is different, because it puts health data in a special category. Memory hook: DPDP has one class, GDPR has two. Read more: Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Diagnosis: Promise and Privacy, Large Language Models (LLMs), What Wearable Technology Can Do.

What does federated learning do in healthcare?

Trains the model inside each hospital and shares only model details. Federated learning trains the model inside each hospital. Only model details, such as parameters, are shared. Patient data stays behind the hospital's firewall. Moving all records to one server is the opposite. Removing names is not enough, because other facts can still identify a person. Memory hook: the model travels, the data stays. Read more: Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Diagnosis: Promise and Privacy, Large Language Models (LLMs), What Wearable Technology Can Do.

What is the budget outlay approved for the IndiaAI Mission in March 2024?

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