How is tribal knowledge mainly passed from one generation to the next?

Through oral tradition and daily practice. Oral tradition and daily practice is the answer. UNDRIP lists oral traditions as part of cultural heritage. Elders hand skills to the young through speech, songs and work. The knowledge is learned by doing, not from books. Textbooks, gazettes and patent filings are written, formal records. Tribal knowledge is mostly unrecorded. Memory hook: told, shown and practised. Read more: Tribal Knowledge Systems: Uniqueness vs Mainstream Knowledge, National Biodiversity Authority, Tribal Groups and Welfare in India.

Which Indian law requires approval from the National Biodiversity Authority before foreigners take biological resources?

The Biological Diversity Act, 2002. The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 is the answer. Foreign persons need prior approval from the National Biodiversity Authority. No one may seek an intellectual property right on an invention based on Indian resources without that approval. The Authority must also see that benefits are shared fairly. The other three laws protect forests, wildlife and the environment. They do not set this approval rule. Memory hook: 2002 law, NBA gate. Read more: Tribal Knowledge Systems: Uniqueness vs Mainstream Knowledge, National Biodiversity Authority, Tribal Groups and Welfare in India.

What share of the licence fee and royalty did TBGRI agree to give the Kani community for the Jeevani drug?

50%. Half is the answer. TBGRI agreed to share 50% of the licence fee and royalty with the tribal community. It licensed the Jeevani technology to Aryavaidya Pharmacy in November 1995. The fee was Rs 10 lakh for 7 years, plus 2% royalty. The drug came from the Arogyapacha plant that Kani tribals ate. This became a model of fair benefit sharing. Memory hook: Kani got half. Read more: Tribal Knowledge Systems: Uniqueness vs Mainstream Knowledge, National Biodiversity Authority, Tribal Groups and Welfare in India.

In which year was the US patent on the wound-healing use of turmeric revoked?

1997. 1997 is the answer. The US granted the patent on 28 March 1995. CSIR asked for a re-examination and showed that the use was already known in India. The patent was revoked by an order dated 20 November 1997. This old knowledge counted as prior art. The neem patent in Europe fell later, in May 2000. Memory hook: granted 1995, revoked 1997. Read more: Tribal Knowledge Systems: Uniqueness vs Mainstream Knowledge, National Biodiversity Authority, Tribal Groups and Welfare in India.

The Nagoya Protocol, which deals with fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources, was adopted in which year?

2010. 2010 is the answer. The Nagoya Protocol was adopted on 29 October 2010. It entered into force on 12 October 2014. The Convention on Biological Diversity itself opened for signature in 1992. UNDRIP came in 2007. India's Biological Diversity Act is from 2002. Memory hook: Nagoya came in 2010. Read more: Tribal Knowledge Systems: Uniqueness vs Mainstream Knowledge, National Biodiversity Authority, Tribal Groups and Welfare in India.

How does ICAR describe indigenous knowledge when it is set beside mainstream knowledge?

Holistic, intuitive and practical, while mainstream knowledge is reductionist and analytical. The first option is the answer. ICAR calls indigenous knowledge holistic, intuitive, qualitative and practical. It calls mainstream knowledge reductionist, quantitative, analytical and theoretical. Reductionist means breaking a subject into small parts to study them. The second option reverses the two. The last two options also swap the traits. Memory hook: whole picture versus small parts. Read more: Tribal Knowledge Systems: Uniqueness vs Mainstream Knowledge, National Biodiversity Authority, Tribal Groups and Welfare in India.

How many Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) does India list?

75. 75 is the answer. India lists 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups. They live in 18 States and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. So 18 is the number of States, not the number of groups. These groups get special care under tribal welfare schemes. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs was set up in 1999. Memory hook: 75 groups in 18 States. Read more: Tribal Knowledge Systems: Uniqueness vs Mainstream Knowledge, National Biodiversity Authority, Tribal Groups and Welfare in India.

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Which project, begun in India in 2001, lets patent examiners search old Indian knowledge as prior art?

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