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US–China Rivalry vs Soviet-era: UPSC Mains 2021 GS2 Q10

Civil Services (Main) Examination, 2021 · GS Paper II · Question 10

‘The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of a China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.’ Explain.

10 marks · 150 wordsInternational Relations
Key Points & Approach to Answering
1. The statement carries weight: China is

The statement carries weight: China is economically, technologically and institutionally more integrated than the USSR was.

2. Unlike the USSR

Unlike the USSR, China is embedded in global supply chains, trade and finance, giving it systemic leverage.

3. China’s economy dwarfs the Soviet peak;

China’s economy dwarfs the Soviet peak; it is a manufacturing superpower with a huge middle class and R&D base.

4. Chinese military modernisation—navy

Chinese military modernisation—navy, missiles, AI—matches the US in the Indo-Pacific, unlike the Soviet model.

5. China avoids ideology

China avoids ideology, building interdependence and parallel institutions like BRI, AIIB and RCEP.

6. It challenges US leadership in 5G

It challenges US leadership in 5G, chips, AI and space, threatening American technological primacy.

7. Still

Still, the US leads in military spending, alliances and finance, so the threat is not existential in scope.

8. Unlike the USSR

Unlike the USSR, China’s challenge coexists with deep economic dependence on the US, muting confrontation.

9. Thus China is a more complex

Thus China is a more complex, multidimensional challenger, yet rivalry is managed rather than existential.

Source: UPSC Civil Services (Main) Examination, 2021 — GS Paper II, official question paper (upsc.gov.in). Full paper: UPSC CSM 2021 — GS Paper II (Full Question Paper).

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