Environment and Ecology Mixed Practice — MCQs with Answers (Set 27)

The correct answer is Pangti. Doyang reservoir sits near Pangti village, in Nagaland’s Wokha district. Amur Falcons roost here each October and November.

The correct answer is Western Hoolock Gibbon. It is India’s only ape species. Macaques, like the Rhesus and Bonnet, and langurs, like the Hanuman Langur, are monkeys, not apes.

The correct answer is that males also join in singing the loudest ‘great call’ section. In most gibbon species, only females sing this part of the duet. Western Hoolock males singing along too is an unusual trait. The duets serve territorial defence and pair-bonding.

The correct answer is 2005; Endangered. The Western Hoolock Gibbon was formally recognised as a species distinct from the Eastern Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys) in 2005, though the two lineages had actually diverged around 1.49 million years ago at the Chindwin River in Myanmar. The Western Hoolock is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Vulnerable is the Eastern Hoolock’s status, not the Western Hoolock’s.

The correct answer is option A. Adult male Western Hoolock Gibbons are black with a white brow band. Adult females are buff or golden-grey, often with darker patches on the head and chest. Infants of both sexes are born pale; males darken to black around six months old.

The correct answer is Hoollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary. It sits in Jorhat district, Assam, and is India’s only sanctuary set up specifically to protect gibbons.

In Amravati Municipal Corporation v. Ganesh Dadarao Anasane, the Court directed the government to frame clear compensation guidelines, ruling that compensation “must not be left to the discretion of regulatory bodies, tribunals, or Courts.” The Rule 18 Central Implementation Committee, chaired by the CPCB’s own Chairman, was named central to that job.

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was passed in direct response to the 1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy, sharply tightening India’s environmental-law framework and giving the Centre — and the CPCB, by delegation — wider powers.

The CPCB operates at the national level — setting standards, monitoring pollution, and coordinating policy. Day-to-day, on-ground enforcement, like site inspections and most local penalties, is largely carried out by the State Pollution Control Boards it oversees.

NCAP launched in January 2019, and its target was later revised to a 40% cut in PM10 levels — or meeting the national PM10 standard outright — by 2025-26. CPCB runs the monitoring network that tracks progress toward it.

The CPCB was constituted in September 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Its mandate covered only water pollution at first — air was added later, in 1981.

The Act creates a National Fund and a State Fund in each State and Union Territory. Both sit in the public account. A National Authority and State Authorities manage them.

The CAF Rules were notified in August 2018, and the Act and Rules came into force on 30 September 2018, when National CAMPA formally replaced the ad-hoc body.

CAMPA manages compensatory afforestation funds, collected whenever forest land is diverted for mining, infrastructure, or other non-forest uses.

The Nagar Van Yojana envisages developing 600 Nagar Vans and 400 Nagar Vatikas nationwide during 2020-21 to 2026-27, funded through CAMPA.

Under SAM 2.0, 870 sites have been mapped and 539 Detailed Project Reports worth over Rs 28 crore have been prepared.

Of 64 road stretches inspected, 49 had proper end-to-end paving, but 15 did not — 12 in Faridabad and 3 in Gurugram.

The revised PM emission standard’s compliance deadline was extended to 1 October 2026, after CPCB flagged equipment-procurement delays and limited lab capacity.

Of 7 legacy waste dumpsites identified in Delhi-NCR (3 in Delhi, one each in Gurugram, Noida, Greater Noida, and Ghaziabad), 4 have been fully remediated so far.

Five Maharashtra beaches, including Shrivardhan and Guhagar, joined the list in 2025, taking India’s total to 18.

SICOM, working under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, implements BEAMS. It helps beaches meet the standards needed for Blue Flag certification.

Beaches must meet 33 international criteria, covering water quality, safety, accessibility, and environmental management and education.