Environment and Ecology Mixed Practice — MCQs with Answers (Set 30)

The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) originated and leads the campaign, running it through institutes including INCOIS, NCCR, NCPOR, CMLRE, and NCESS.

Swachh Sagar, Surakshit Sagar was first launched in 2022, as a 75-day citizen-led coastal cleanup campaign covering 75 beaches.

She led the fast at Golibar in Mumbai against slum demolitions, extending her activism from river valleys into urban housing rights.

She received the Goldman Environmental Prize in 1992, a year after the Right Livelihood Award, both for the NBA’s work.

The Court permitted construction up to 90 metres, with further approvals required above that — a major legal setback for the NBA.

The movement’s core arguments cited the displacement of over 40,000 families, alongside inadequate rehabilitation and wider environmental cost.

The Narmada Bachao Andolan was formed in 1985, opposing the Sardar Sarovar Dam and other large dams on the Narmada river.

He spearheaded decades of protest, including hunger strikes, against the Tehri Dam; his own ancestral home was submerged when the reservoir filled in July 2004.

He coined the phrase “Ecology is permanent economy,” arguing that healthy forests matter more to long-term livelihoods than short-term timber revenue.

His advocacy, following a meeting with PM Indira Gandhi, is credited with a 15-year ban on green-tree felling in the Himalayas above 1,000 metres.

The movement spread widely after a 1973 protest in Reni village, Chamoli district, though Bahuguna is its best-known leader across the wider Himalayan region.

Karnataka’s six-pillar model includes e-Parihara, a digital compensation system, alongside engineering fixes, AI surveillance, and community volunteer networks.

Uttarakhand operates an Integrated Command and Control Centre with a 24×7 helpline (1926), bio-fencing, and a ‘Living with Leopards/Tigers’ initiative.

Kerala declared HWC a State-Specific Disaster, covering 273 conflict-affected panchayats, backed by Jana Jagaratha Samitis and the SARPA volunteer programme.

The National Human-Wildlife Conflict Portal launched on 10 July 2026, as a unified platform for recording incidents and sharing data.

India bans specific plastic items outright (like the 19-item single-use ban), and separately makes producers responsible for recycling everything else they sell, through EPR.

Drinking water packaging faces the strictest reuse requirement under the 2026 amendment: 70% initially, rising to 85%.

The Plastic Waste Management Rules were notified in 2016 (18 March), replacing the 2011 rules. EPR for plastic packaging was added to them in February 2022.