Ethics Integrity and Aptitude Mixed Practice — MCQs with Answers (Set 2)

The guidelines are a “lightweight,” principle-based framework, not one comprehensive AI law. Their seven sutras are safety, equality, inclusivity, privacy, transparency, accountability, and protection of societal values.

The COMPAS investigation found the algorithm flagged Black defendants as high-risk more often than white defendants with comparable actual reoffending outcomes. Removing race from the training data alone does not fix bias like this, since other data points can act as a hidden proxy for it.

Gender Shades found commercial facial-recognition systems misidentified darker-skinned faces, especially darker-skinned women, far more often than lighter-skinned faces. This is a textbook case of algorithmic bias arising from skewed training data, not a programmer directly coding in prejudice.

The black box problem means a system’s input and output are visible, but the reasoning connecting them is not. This clashes with a basic administrative-law expectation: a citizen denied a loan or licence is normally owed a reason. Explainable AI (XAI) research tries to turn the black box into a glass box.

The correct answer is Sweden. The Swedish Riksdag appoints Parliamentary Ombudsmen to check that public bodies obey the law. The office began with Sweden’s Instrument of Government of 1809.

The answer is Weigh the total benefits of the leak against its total harms. The Stanford Encyclopedia says the paradigm case of consequentialism is utilitarianism, and that consequentialism makes normative properties depend only on consequences. Why the others fail: acting only on rules that could apply to everyone is Kant’s universal-law test. Obeying every order or keeping every secret regardless of consequences ignores outcomes, so it is not a consequentialist reading. Memory hook: utilitarian means count the results.

The answer is Report the wrongdoing through internal channels. The UN Convention against Corruption, Article 33, protects reports made in good faith and on reasonable grounds to the competent authorities. India’s 2014 Act has disclosures made before the Competent Authority. The House Committee says Snowden did not use whistleblower procedures. Why the others fail: selling documents or publishing at once skips the competent authority. Waiting quietly reports nothing. Memory hook: lawful authority first.

The answer is It ended the NSA’s bulk collection of US phone records. The Act prohibits bulk collection of records under Section 215. It creates a new programme for targeted collection of telephone metadata. It was signed on 2 June 2015. Why the others fail: the Act still works through court orders and bars orders limited only by broad geographic terms, so it did not make warrantless surveillance permanent. The summaries do not say it abolished the FISC or banned intelligence sharing. Memory hook: FREEDOM Act, bulk collection stopped.

The answer is 2013. The House report says that in June 2013 Snowden released classified material on NSA data collection programmes. On 5 June 2013 it was reported that the FISC had granted an FBI order under section 215. Why the others fail: 2011 is when Congress last reauthorised section 215 before the case. 2015 is the year of the USA FREEDOM Act. 2017 is not tied to the case in the sources. Memory hook: leak in 2013, law in 2015.

The answer is A systems administrator and NSA contractor. The UPSC 2018 paper calls him a former CIA systems administrator. The House Intelligence Committee calls him a former National Security Agency contractor. Why the others fail: the sources do not place him in Congress, on television or on the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. Memory hook: an insider with access, not an elected official.

Correct because all three statements are true: double effect can justify collateral harm, Walzer defended the moral equality of soldiers, and Resolution ES-11/1 of 2 March 2022 condemned the invasion.

The answer is Michael Walzer. His Just and Unjust Wars was first published in 1977. The Stanford Encyclopedia calls it extraordinarily influential among philosophers, political scientists, international lawyers and military practitioners. Why the others fail: Hedley Bull, John Rawls and Kenneth Waltz are not the author of this book. Memory hook: Walzer wrote the 1977 book on just and unjust wars.

The answer is Article 51. It says nothing in the Charter impairs the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member. Measures taken must be reported immediately to the Security Council. Why the others fail: Article 2(4) bars the threat or use of force. Article 42 lets the Security Council act by air, sea or land forces. Article 39 is not the self-defence article. Memory hook: 51 is for self-defence.

The answer is Discrimination between combatants and civilians. Jus in bello has three rules: discrimination, proportionality and necessity. Fighters must tell military objectives from civilians and intentionally attack only military objectives. Why the others fail: just cause, right authority and last resort are tests for going to war, not for conduct in it. Memory hook: discrimination means telling targets from civilians.

The answer is Jus ad bellum. It holds the tests for deciding whether to go to war. The Stanford Encyclopedia lists six: just cause, legitimate authority, right intention, reasonable prospects of success, proportionality and last resort. Why the others fail: jus in bello covers conduct once the fighting has begun. Jus gentium and jus cogens are not the war-decision rules in this tradition. Memory hook: ad bellum is about going to war.

Limited disclosure to an oversight committee, without going public yet, is the proportionate response to an unproven allegation. Immediate public disclosure risks unfairly damaging reputation before investigation, and outright removal skips due process based on unproven claims alone. From: UPSC Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination, 2026, General Studies Paper I.

Statements 1, 3, and 4 are sound mediation principles: acknowledge cultural concerns first, build a multi-stakeholder dialogue platform, and run an independent, transparent impact assessment. Statement 2 abandons mediation entirely, since moving ahead without delay and dismissing the tribal community’s concerns would deepen the conflict rather than resolve it. From: UPSC Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination, 2026, General Studies Paper I.

The correct answer is (b) 3 only.

The allegations are confidential and unproven. Proposing a limited disclosure to an oversight committee, while holding off on public disclosure for now, is the proportionate response. It gets the concern to a body equipped to investigate it further, without either burying it or acting on it prematurely.

Statement 1 goes too far: immediately disclosing unproven allegations to the public risks unfairly damaging a contractor’s reputation before any investigation, and could itself breach the confidentiality of the information Ms. X received. Statement 2 also goes too far: recommending removal outright, based on unproven allegations alone, skips due process and could be procedurally unjust to the contractor.

The correct answer is (a) 1, 3 and 4 only.

Statement 1 is a sound mediation principle: acknowledging the tribal community’s cultural concerns first builds trust before any technical discussion. Statement 3 is sound: a multi-stakeholder dialogue platform brings all sides together to de-escalate tension and build mutual understanding. Statement 4 is sound: an independent, transparent ESIA gives both sides a shared, credible evidence base to negotiate from.

Statement 2 is not sound mediation practice. Moving ahead without delay, and dismissing the tribal community’s sentiments as belonging to “a small group,” abandons mediation entirely. It would deepen the conflict rather than resolve it, and ignores the community’s stated cultural and sacred-site concerns.

The correct answer is 130th, with an HDI of 0.685, out of 193 countries, based on 2023 data. 133 was India’s rank on 2022 data. 0.656 is the average for the medium human development group. 132nd and 0.678 belong to El Salvador in the same table.

Seshan enforced election rules strictly and fearlessly as Chief Election Commissioner. He transformed the Election Commission into a real, independent watchdog. The article names this value institutional integrity.

The correct answer is the Hindu Code Bill. As India’s first Law Minister, Ambedkar strongly backed it. Parliament passed it in 1955-56 as four Acts on marriage, succession, guardianship and adoption. The other three options belong to other people and other policies, not to Ambedkar’s work as Law Minister.

The correct answer is the Special Marriage Act. It was passed in 1954, for civil marriages. The four Hindu Code Acts were the Marriage, Succession, Minority and Guardianship, and Adoption and Maintenance Acts.

Krishnamurti held extensive public dialogues with physicist David Bohm, spanning nearly two decades, bridging scientific and philosophical inquiry.