Indian Polity and Constitution Mixed Practice — MCQs with Answers (Set 31)

Article 15(4) (1951) first enabled reservation generally; Article 15(5) (2005) extended it specifically to unaided private institutions.

The 101st Amendment, assented to on 8 September 2016, replaced ‘sale or purchase of goods’ with ‘supply of goods or services or both’ throughout Article 286, ahead of GST’s 1 July 2017 rollout.

The original Clause (3) let Parliament declare goods like cereals, cotton, coal, and iron and steel as ‘declared goods’ of special importance, capping how States could tax them. The 101st Amendment omitted this clause in 2016.

A seven-judge bench, by 4-3, overruled the 1953 verdict. It held States were completely barred from taxing inter-State sales, until Parliament framed the rules itself under Article 286(2).

In 1953 the majority treated delivery for consumption in a State as the place of the sale. That State could tax the sale, and other States were excluded for sales covered by the Explanation to Article 286(1)(a). The ruling did not let several States tax the same sale.

Clause (1) bars a State from taxing a supply of goods or services, where that supply happens outside the State, or during import into or export out of India.

The Supreme Court ruled for the Union. It set aside the High Court’s decree and upheld the protection of Railway property under Article 285.

Clause (2) is a savings clause: a State authority can keep levying a tax on Union property if that property was already liable to it immediately before the Constitution commenced, so long as the same tax continues to be levied in that State.

Clause (1) exempts Union property from all taxes imposed by a State, or by any authority within a State, unless Parliament itself makes a law otherwise.

The Committee recommended a specialised Integrated Cybercrime Task Force with nationwide jurisdiction, technical expertise, and inter-agency coordination.

The Committee flagged that states withdrawing general consent for CBI probes continues to hamper inter-state and transnational cybercrime investigations.

The Sixth Schedule, under Article 244(2) and Article 275(1), covers tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.

Abiding by the Constitution (51A-a), upholding sovereignty and integrity (51A-c), and safeguarding public property while abjuring violence (51A-i) are real Fundamental Duties; “ensuring rule of law” is not separately listed in Article 51A.

The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 received Presidential assent on 11 August 2023, after passing both Houses of Parliament that month.

Under Section 14 of the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985, CAT decides service disputes of Union civil services and posts, All-India Services and other listed categories. It is not the general tribunal for all State employees. State Administrative Tribunals have jurisdiction under Section 15.

Section 12(1)(c) requires private unaided schools to reserve 25% of Class 1 seats for children from economically weaker and disadvantaged sections.