Indian Polity and Constitution Mixed Practice — MCQs with Answers (Set 20)

The National Medical Commission Act, 2019 dissolved the MCI and created the NMC in its place.

A bench led by Chief Justice Surya Kant said a consumer must not be made to travel all the way to Delhi — the forum must go to them instead. The Court also ordered the NCDRC’s Chairman to file a status report on pendency and disposal rates within two weeks.

The State Commission handles complaints where the value of goods or services paid as consideration is between ₹50 lakh and ₹2 crore. At ₹1.5 crore, this falls squarely in the State Commission’s range, below the District Commission’s ₹50 lakh ceiling and below the NCDRC’s ₹2 crore floor.

An appeal against an NCDRC order goes directly to the Supreme Court, and must be filed within 30 days. This makes the NCDRC the last tier before the apex court itself, skipping the High Courts entirely.

A 30 December 2021 notification lowered the NCDRC’s own pecuniary jurisdiction to above ₹2 crore, down from the 2019 Act’s original above-₹10-crore mark. This shifted many mid-value cases down to the State Commissions instead.

The NCDRC was established in 1988, under the original Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (the Act itself was passed in 1986, but the Commission was set up two years later). Its first President was Justice V. Balakrishna Eradi.

Government data cited in the debate showed Debt Recovery Tribunals carrying 2,33,901 pending cases, the highest of any tribunal in the country — ahead of the customs/excise tribunal, the Central Administrative Tribunal, and the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal.

The Supreme Court has held that DRT adjudication and SARFAESI’s asset-seizure route are complementary remedies. A bank can pursue both, depending on the facts of the case, rather than being forced to choose one.

An appeal to the DRAT must be filed within 45 days of the DRT’s order, and usually needs a 50% pre-deposit of the disputed amount — though this can be relaxed in genuine cases of hardship.

A government notification dated 6 September 2018 raised the DRT’s pecuniary jurisdiction floor from ₹10 lakh to ₹20 lakh. The Act’s own printed text still reads ‘ten lakh’, since the change came via notification, not a formal amendment.

DRTs were created under the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (RDDBFI Act), which came into force on 24 June 1993.

Chairperson Iqbal Singh Lalpura’s term ended on 22 April 2025. No successor was notified until Harjit Singh Grewal’s appointment on 16 July 2026 — a gap of about 15 months, during which the Delhi High Court sought the government’s response on the delay.

When inquiring into specific complaints about the deprivation of minority rights, the NCM can summon any person, examine them under oath, and demand documents — the same powers as a civil court trying a suit. Its other functions stay purely advisory.

Jains were notified as a minority community on 27 January 2014, joining Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, and Parsis on India’s list of six notified religious minorities.

The NCM has a Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson, and five Members — seven in total. Each serves a three-year term, and at least five of the seven, including the Chairperson, must belong to a notified minority community.

The NCM became a statutory body under the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992. It had existed since 1978, but only as a non-statutory body under a Home Ministry resolution.

The 262nd Report recommended phasing out the death penalty, keeping it only for terrorism and war-related offences. Three of the report’s nine members dissented from this view.

The Law Commission’s 170th Report, in 1999, first proposed synchronising Lok Sabha and state assembly elections. The 2024 push itself came from a separate, later Kovind-led committee.

The 21st Commission’s term ended in August 2018, but the 22nd Commission was not constituted until February 2020 — an 18-month gap with no Law Commission functioning at all.

The first Law Commission was chaired by M.C. Setalvad, who was India’s first Attorney General at the time.

The Law Commission has no Act of Parliament behind it. It is a purely executive, ad-hoc advisory body, reconstituted by a fresh government order every few years.

Karnataka’s Lokayukta runs its own Lokayukta Police wing, with a Superintendent of Police in each district, empowered to search and raid officials in disproportionate-assets cases.

The correct answer is Establish a Lokayukta, but design its own structure. Each State must create a Lokayukta by a State law within a year. The State is free to decide the nature and type of the body.

Maharashtra passed its Lokayukta Act and appointed its first Lokayukta in 1971. Odisha had passed an Act a year earlier, in 1970, but left it unimplemented until 1983.

The first Administrative Reforms Commission recommended this two-tier system in 1966, decades before either institution was actually created.