Environment and Ecology Mixed Practice — MCQs with Answers (Set 32)

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands hold India’s richest coral diversity, with 177 recorded coral species.

The Gulf of Mannar became India’s first Marine Biosphere Reserve in 1989, holding coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves together.

India’s four major coral reef regions are the Gulf of Kutch, the Gulf of Mannar, Lakshadweep, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The Court ordered states and UTs to keep applying the broad 1996 T.N. Godavarman definition of “forest,” until fresh forest records are compiled.

The Act exempts strategic linear projects within 100 km of India’s international border, the LAC, or the LoC, for national security purposes.

The Lok Sabha passed the bill on 26 July 2023, and the Rajya Sabha on 2 August 2023. 20 October 2023 and 19 February 2024 are actually Supreme Court dates — when it issued notice on a legal challenge, and when it passed its Godavarman interim order.

The date in the proviso is 12 December 1996. It is statutory text. The date echoes the Supreme Court’s Godavarman order of the same day, which is a judicial direction. The proviso covers only land converted by an authority of the State or Union Territory by that date. It does not exempt every earlier encroachment or all notified forest.

The 1980 Act was renamed the Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam, or “Forest (Conservation and Augmentation) Act.”

The 1997 Kyoto Protocol introduced tradeable carbon credits as a mechanism to cut greenhouse gas emissions.

The correct answer is at least USD 1.3 trillion a year, by 2035. Paragraph 7 of the draft COP29 finance text (L.22) calls for scaling up financing to developing countries to at least USD 1.3 trillion per year by 2035, from all public and private sources. The CMA 6 session report records decision 1/CMA.6 as adopted. We read the paragraph wording from the draft and did not compare it with the final text. The Baku to Belem Roadmap is the report by the COP29 and COP30 Presidencies on how to reach the goal. The USD 300 billion goal in paragraph 8 of the draft is a separate goal. Developed country Parties take the lead, and the money comes from public and private sources. It is not a public-finance floor. The older USD 100 billion goal was for 2020, not 2030.

COP30 was held in Belém, Brazil, from 10-21 November 2025, where all 195 Parties adopted the ‘Belém Package’ of 29 decisions.

India demanded developed nations honour Article 9.1 of the Paris Agreement, their legal obligation to provide climate finance to developing countries.

Majorities in all but three countries — Israel, Nigeria, and the US — see climate change as a major threat, per Pew’s 2025 survey.

India generates about 4.13 million tonnes of plastic waste annually, and its latest pesticide ban-list revision took effect on 31 March 2024.

Neonicotinoids are linked to declining bee and butterfly populations in India, weakening pollination and crop yields.

Biomagnification is the process by which chemical concentrations increase as they move up the food chain, from plankton to fish to larger predators.

India was projected to release about 391,879 tonnes of microplastics in 2024, second only to China’s 787,069 tonnes.

The Tribune, running a PTI report on the Central Empowered Committee report, gives 1,78,261 hectares against 2,09,297 hectares. That is about 85 per cent for 2019-20 to 2023-24.

India generated 13.97 lakh tonnes of e-waste in 2024-25, of which 11.59 lakh tonnes (about 83%) were recycled.

The 2016 rules replaced the 2000 rules and made source segregation mandatory, into biodegradable, dry, and domestic hazardous waste.

India generates about 170,000 tonnes of municipal solid waste daily, of which 92% is collected but only 54% is scientifically treated.