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Science and Technology

Science and Technology Articles (199)

Achievements and Institutions 3

Defence and Military Technology 10

Emerging and Advanced Technologies 26

Notable Personalities Linked to India 1

Notable Scientists and Researchers 44

01

Anil Kakodkar: Reactors, Tests, and a Landmark Deal

02

Anna Mani: The Weather Woman of India

03

Ashoke Sen: The Physicist Who Reshaped String Theory

04

Asima Chatterjee: India's First Woman with a Doctorate of Science

05

Avinash Chander: Architect of the Agni Missile Programme

06

Birbal Sahni: Founder of Indian Palaeobotany

07

D.D. Kosambi: Mathematician Who Rewrote History

08

D.R. Kaprekar: The Mathematician Behind 6174

09

Daulat Singh Kothari: Physicist, Defence Science Architect, and Education Reformer

10

E. Sreedharan: India's Metro Man

11

G.N. Ramachandran: Mapping Protein Shape

12

Homi J. Bhabha

13

Homi Sethna: The Engineer Who Guided India to Smiling Buddha

14

Jagadish Chandra Bose: Radio Pioneer and Plant Physiologist

15

Janaki Ammal: Botanist, Cytogeneticist, Conservationist

16

K. Sivan: Former ISRO Chairman

17

K.S. Krishnan: The Physicist Behind the Raman Effect

18

Kalpana Chawla: First Indian-Born Woman in Space

19

Kamala Sohonie: First Indian Woman with a Science PhD

20

M. Visvesvaraya: Engineer, Diwan, Bharat Ratna

21

M.S. Swaminathan: Father of India's Green Revolution

22

Meghnad Saha: Reading the Temperature of Stars

23

Nambi Narayanan: The ISRO Espionage Case

24

Obaid Siddiqi: The Geneticist Who Taught Fruit Flies to Reveal the Brain

25

Prafulla Chandra Ray: Father of Indian Chemistry

26

Pushpa Bhargava

27

Rajagopala Chidambaram: The Physicist Behind Two Nuclear Tests

28

Rakesh Sharma: The First Indian in Space

29

Ritu Karidhal: India's Rocket Woman

30

Roddam Narasimha: Master of Fluid Dynamics

31

Ronald Ross

32

S. Chandrasekhar: The Physicist Who Was Right All Along

33

Salim Ali: The Birdman of India

34

Sam Pitroda

35

Satyendra Nath Bose: The Physicist Behind the Boson

36

Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar: Father of India's Research Laboratories

37

Srinivasa Ramanujan: A Short, Extraordinary Life

38

U.R. Rao: Father of India's Satellite Programme

39

Upendranath Brahmachari: The Cure That Never Won a Nobel

40

Venkatraman Ramakrishnan

41

Vijay Bhatkar: The Engineer Behind India's First Supercomputer

42

Vikram Sarabhai: Father of the Indian Space Programme

43

Yash Pal: Physicist Who Made Science Popular

44

Yellapragada Subbarow: The Biochemist Behind ATP and Methotrexate

Nuclear Programme 8

Research Institutions and Statutory Bodies 12

Science and Society 5

Science and Technology Applications 4

Space Programme 11

Space and Advanced Technology 4

Other 71

01

AI Impact Summit 2026

02

Aadhaar’s Open APIs

03

Accelerometer Applications

04

Aircraft Black Boxes: Flight and Cockpit Recorders

05

Algae-Based Biofuels

06

Alternative Powertrain Vehicles: BEV, FCEV, and FCHEV Explained

07

Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Diagnosis: Promise and Privacy

08

Augmented Reality vs Virtual Reality

09

Belle II, Blockchain, and CRISPR-Cas9

10

Bio-Toilets on Indian Railways: What They Actually Do

11

Bitcoin: What the Central Banks Don't Track

12

Blockchain Technology

13

Carbon Fibres

14

Chandrayaan-3: India's South-Pole Landing and Its Systems

15

Cloud Seeding: How Artificial Rain Is Used to Fight Air Pollution

16

DIR-V: India's Indigenous Microprocessor Programme

17

Drone Swarms: Technology and Tactics

18

Earth's Rotation Axis Shift: Ice Melt and the Figure-Skater Effect

19

Emerging Tech Glossary: Metaverse, Web3, Digital Twin, NFT

20

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)

21

Fuel Cells: Why They Aren't Quite Like Batteries

22

GL-10: NASA's Ten-Motor Hybrid-Electric Plane

23

Genetic Medicine: How Gene Therapy Works

24

Genome Sequencing in Agriculture

25

Goldilocks Zone: Where Earth-Like Planets Might Exist

26

H1N1: The Virus Behind Swine Flu

27

Hepatitis B and C Compared to HIV

28

High-Energy Military Explosives

29

IRNSS / NavIC: India's Own Navigation Satellite System

30

ITER: What India Gets if Fusion Power Works

31

IceCube: A Neutrino Telescope Buried in Antarctic Ice

32

IndARC: India's Underwater Observatory in the Arctic

33

India-Made vs Leased Defence Hardware

34

Indian Military Transport and Maritime Patrol Aircraft

35

Indian Remote Sensing Satellites: What IRS Can and Cannot Do

36

Indira Gandhi Prize 2014: Why ISRO Won It

37

James Webb Space Telescope: The Revolutionary Infrared Observatory

38

Large Language Models (LLMs)

39

LiFi: Sending Data Through Light, Not Radio Waves

40

Loiter Munitions: The Kamikaze Drones Reshaping India's Army

41

Majorana 1 Chip

42

Mandatory Cyber Security Incident Reporting in India

43

Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission)

44

Mission Indradhanush: Immunizing India's Missed Children

45

Mission Sudarshan Chakra

46

NASA's Juno Mission: Unlocking Jupiter and Planetary Origins

47

National Innovation Foundation: Backing Grassroots Inventors

48

Near Field Communication (NFC): The Centimetre-Range Technology

49

OLED Displays

50

Project Loon: Beaming Internet From Stratospheric Balloons

51

Pumped-Storage Hydropower

52

RNA Interference (RNAi)

53

Rare Earth Elements

54

Recent Developments in Synthetic Biology

55

Recirculating Aquaculture Systems and Biofilters

56

S-400 Air Defence System: Technical Superiority and Significance

57

Smart India Hackathon

58

Stealth Technology

59

The Bharat Forecast System

60

The Internet of Things in a Smart Home

61

Transcriptome: The Genome's Active Playlist

62

Tribal Knowledge Systems: Uniqueness vs Mainstream Knowledge

63

Types of UAVs: Fixed-Wing, Rotary-Wing and Hybrid Drones Explained

64

Vaccine Development: Principles, Mechanism and India's COVID-19 Approach

65

WannaCry, Petya, and EternalBlue

66

What Satellite Remote Sensing Can Measure

67

What Wearable Technology Can Do

68

What a Digital Signature Actually Is

69

Where GPS Technology Is Actually Used

70

Why Multi-Drug Resistance Occurs in India

71

eLISA and the Hunt for Gravitational Waves

General Science

General Science Articles (57)

Astronomy 1

Biology 4

Chemistry 4

Ecology 1

Health and Medicine 10

Microbiology and Nutrition 2

Notable Indian Scientists 2

Physics 13

Other 20

Environment and Ecology

Environment and Ecology Articles (216)

Climate Change and Global Initiatives 4

Disaster Management 4

Environmental Activists and Conservationists 7

Environmental Concepts and Challenges 9

Geography and Heritage of India 1

Government Schemes and Missions 6

Statutory Bodies and Regulatory Frameworks 7

Waste Management and Recycling 6

Wildlife and Biodiversity Conservation 10

Other 162

01

Acid Rain: Which Gases Actually Cause It

02

Activated Carbon

03

Advantages of the Bioremediation Technique

04

Aerial Metagenomics: Reading a Habitat from Its Airborne DNA

05

Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve

06

Agenda 21 and the Rio Earth Summit

07

Allelopathy: Role in Irrigated Cropping Systems

08

Amur Falcons and the Doyang Lake Turnaround

09

Animal Tool Use

10

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement: Carbon Markets and Cooperative Approaches

11

Asiatic Lion Translocation to Kuno Palpur

12

Bamboo Under the Forest Act and the Forest Rights Act

13

Biochar in Farming: Three Real Uses in Vertical Farming

14

Biodiversity Management Committees: Local Power Over Genetic Resources

15

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

16

Biorock Technology: Growing a Reef Its Mineral Skeleton

17

BirdLife International

18

Birds of India: Lesser-Known Species

19

Blue Carbon: How Coastal Ecosystems Store More Carbon Than Forests

20

Blue-finned Mahseer, Irrawaddy Dolphin, and the Chambal Trap

21

CAMPA: What the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act Actually Requires

22

CCAFS, CGIAR, and ICRISAT: Who Runs India’s Climate-Smart Villages

23

Carbofuran, Methyl Parathion, Phorate, and Triazophos

24

Carbon Capture Methods: Basalt, Ocean Alkalinity, and Mine Injection

25

Carbon Fertilization Effect

26

Carbon Markets

27

Carbon Sequestration Sites

28

Central Ground Water Authority: Powers, Origins, and Limits

29

Cirrus Cloud Thinning and Stratospheric Aerosol Injection

30

Climate Action Tracker: Who Grades Countries' Emission Pledges

31

Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC)

32

Coal Ash and Indian Coal Quality (See IndEco0111 for Full Coverage)

33

Coal Thermal Power Plants: Three "None of Them" Claims, All False

34

Common Air Pollutants from Fuel and Waste Burning: Five PYQ Facts Compared

35

Community Reserves: Locally Governed, Not State-Governed

36

Consequences of Butterfly Population Decline

37

Conservation Agriculture: The Three Real Principles

38

Copper Slag, Geotextiles, and Sustainable Rural Road Construction

39

Coral Reefs: Tropical Waters and Animal Phyla

40

Critical Wildlife Habitat and Baiga Habitat Rights

41

Deciduous vs. Evergreen Trees of India: Teak, Mahua, and Jackfruit

42

Desert Leaf Modifications Against Water Loss

43

Detritivores: Earthworms, Millipedes, and Woodlice at Work

44

Direct Air Capture

45

District Mineral Foundations: Compensation, Not Exploration

46

Earth's Magnetic Field and Early Atmosphere

47

Earth's Oxygen Production

48

Eco-Friendly Agriculture Practices Recognized in India

49

Extended Producer Responsibility: Where It Started in India

50

FAO's Blue Transformation and the Four Betters

51

Fertigation in Agriculture

52

Filter Feeders: Why the Oyster Doesn't Need to Hunt

53

Forest Cover Percentage: Chhattisgarh, MP, Maharashtra, Odisha

54

Forest Ownership Classification and Community Conservation in India

55

Furnace Oil: Why This Refinery Byproduct Causes Sulphur Emissions

56

Gadgil vs Kasturirangan Reports on the Western Ghats

57

Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC)

58

Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (GACSA)

59

Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA)

60

Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS)

61

Golden Mahseer: The River Fish, Not a Bird

62

Great Indian Hornbill's Natural Habitat

63

Green India Mission (GIM)

64

Gucchi: The Morel Mushroom Nobody Can Farm

65

Herbivorous Turtles, Fish, Marine Mammals, and Viviparous Snakes

66

High Clouds vs Low Clouds: Warming or Cooling

67

Himalayan Nettle and Its Sustainable Textile Fibre

68

Hydrogen-Enriched CNG (H-CNG) for Buses

69

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)

70

IUCN and CITES: Two Different Conservation Bodies

71

Impacts of Excessive Nitrogenous Fertilizer Use

72

India Solar Records: Which State Actually Holds Each Title

73

India's Climate Change Policy: LT-LEDS, NDCs, and the Path to Net-Zero

74

India's Groundwater Withdrawal: The Real Reason Behind the 26%

75

Indian Elephants: Matriarchal Herds and the 22-Month Gestation

76

Indian Squirrels

77

Indian Wildlife Law: Protection Inside and Outside Reserves

78

Kharai Camel: The Swimming Camel of Kutch

79

Khasi Hills Community REDD+ Project

80

Leafcutter Ants: Farmers of Fungus

81

Lemongrass: The Grass Behind Natural Mosquito Repellents

82

Lichen and Moss: The Pioneers That Survive Without Soil

83

Lion-tailed Macaque

84

Madhav National Park

85

Magnetite Particles: The Real Sources of This Neurotoxic Pollutant

86

Maharashtra's Blue Mormon: India's First State Butterfly

87

Malabar Civet

88

Membrane Bioreactors

89

Mercury Pollution

90

Methane Hydrate Deposits and the Climate Risk They Pose

91

Microbeads and Marine Plastic Pollution

92

Minor Minerals: Who Regulates Sand, Gravel, and Stone Mining

93

Moringa and Tamarind: Two Common Myths, Corrected

94

Mountain Ecosystems & Ecotourism: Restoring Fragile Highlands

95

Musk Deer Habitat: Why Altitude Decides the Answer

96

NIRANTAR: Coordinating India's Environmental Research Institutions

97

Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam: India's Largest Tiger Reserve

98

National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): Key Features and Progress

99

National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)

100

National Policy on Biofuels: Which Raw Materials Are Approved

101

Neem-Coated Urea: Why Slower Release Was the Point

102

New Banana Species Discovered in the Andaman Islands

103

New York Declaration on Forests: A Pledge, Not a Treaty

104

Nitrogen-Fixing Plants: Which of the Six Actually Qualify

105

Ocean Primary Producers: Cyanobacteria, Diatoms, and What Isn't One

106

Oil Pollution and Marine Impacts: A Threat to India's Coasts

107

PFAS: The "Forever Chemicals"

108

Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary: The Reserve With Two Names

109

Palm Oil: The African Plant Asia Now Dominates

110

Parasitoid Species

111

Permaculture Farming: How It Differs From Conventional Chemical Farming

112

Photochemical Smog and the 1999 Gothenburg Protocol

113

Plant Growth Forms

114

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): What It Can and Cannot Safely Do

115

Power Resources: Conventional and Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

116

Prosopis Juliflora and Biodiversity Loss

117

Protected Areas in the Cauvery Basin: Which Ones Really Qualify

118

Pyrolysis and Plasma Gasification in Waste-to-Energy

119

R2 Code of Practices: Certifying Responsible Electronics Recycling

120

Rhynchostylis retusa (Foxtail Orchid)

121

Rice: The Crop Behind Both Methane and Nitrous Oxide

122

Sambar Deer

123

Sand Mining in Riverbeds: The Real Environmental Consequences

124

Schedule VI of the Wildlife Protection Act: Regulating Plant Cultivation

125

Sea-Level Rise and the Indian Ocean: Impact on India

126

Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve

127

Shale Gas Resources in India

128

Social Cost of Carbon: Putting a Price on Climate Damage

129

Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 (See EnvEco0011 for Full Coverage)

130

Sulphur Dioxide Emissions: Sources and Effects

131

Symbiotic Relationships: Cnidarians, Fungi, and Protozoa

132

System of Rice Intensification: Less Seed, Less Methane

133

TRAFFIC Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network

134

The Climate Group, EP100, and the Under2 Coalition Explained

135

The Common Carbon Metric: Standardizing Building Emissions Worldwide

136

The Congo Basin Peatlands (Cuvette Centrale)

137

The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)

138

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: Powers and Bodies It Created

139

The Gooty Tarantula

140

The Indian Flying Fox and the WPA 1972 Schedules

141

The Miyawaki Method: Fast, Dense Mini Forests in Cities

142

The Phosphorus Cycle: Why It Depends on Rock Weathering

143

The Western Hoolock Gibbon: India's Only Ape

144

UN-REDD+ Programme Benefits

145

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)

146

Vulture Conservation in India

147

WHO Air Quality Guidelines: PM2.5, Ozone, and What Actually Enters the Bloodstream

148

Waggle Dance of Honeybees

149

Water Conservation Practices in Agriculture

150

Wet-Bulb Temperature

151

Wetlands as Earth’s Kidneys: How the Filtration Works

152

What Is an Ecosystem? The Precise Definition

153

What Really Causes Benzene Pollution Exposure

154

What Spreads Plant Diseases

155

What the Sixth Mass Extinction Refers To

156

Which Animals Roll Into a Ball to Escape Predators

157

Which Gases India's Air Quality Index Tracks

158

Why Burning Crop Residue Releases Four Distinct Pollutants

159

Why Copper Smelting Plants Concern Environmental Regulators

160

Why Dew Does Not Form on a Cloudy Night

161

Why India Has No Marsupials

162

Zero Tillage: How It Changes Wheat and Rice Farming

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